The first light-emitting diode was born in the 1960s. After more than 30 years of development, China's LED industry has gradually realized the independent production of epitaxial wafers and chips after going through the process of buying devices, buying chips, and buying epitaxial wafers. A relatively complete industrial chain.
The initial formation of the industrial chain
The first commercial LEDs appeared in 1968, and the first GaP (gallium phosphide), GaAsP (arsenic phosphide) red, yellow, and green LEDs began to be used for indicator, digital, and text displays. In the following ten years, high brightness and full colorization have become the main topics of LED technology research. In 1991, Toshiba Corporation of Japan and HP of the United States developed a quaternary orange, yellow, and yellow-green ultra-high brightness LED. In 1994, Japan Nichia Corporation developed a GaN (gallium nitride) blue-green LED. In 1995, high-brightness blue and green LEDs were successively put into mass production, so that the LED's emission wavelength covered the entire visible spectrum from red to blue, and had a luminous efficiency of up to 30%. The successful development of the white LEDs has greatly expanded the application field of LEDs, and has since formed an infinite LED lighting industry.
The development of LED in China started in the 1960s. At the National GaAs Academic Exchange Conference held in Shanghai in November 1970, the research results of the phosphorous arsenide red light-emitting diodes were reported by the water vapor epitaxy method. Since then, the research and development of LED materials and devices in China has officially started. The LED industry was formed in the 1980s. In the 1990s, the LED industry has begun to take shape, and it has developed rapidly in the late 1990s.
In the early days, domestic LED companies were mostly packaged companies, and all chips were imported from overseas. In this period, the industry is mainly based on packaging, and the products are mainly used for signals, signs and digital displays. In 1998, the National Nine-Five Technology Reform enabled Xinlei Optoelectronics Co., Ltd., which was established in Nanchang 476 Factory, to produce 1 billion Puli LED chips. In 1999, Hebei Huineng Electronics Co., Ltd. and Hebei Lide Electronics Co., Ltd. respectively built InGaAlP ultra-high brightness LED epitaxial wafer and chip production line, with an annual production capacity of 10,000 epitaxial wafers and 100 million chips, thus changing China's LED epitaxial wafers and chips. Dependence on the situation of imports.
The development of domestic LED technology is inseparable from the research of research institutes. In 1997, with the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Peking University took the lead in developing the first blue light-emitting diode in China. A few years later, Nanchang University took the lead in the development of successful silicon substrate blue LED materials and chip production technology, and realized mass production. It became the third technical route of LED epitaxial materials and chips with independent intellectual property rights in China.
China's LED industry has experienced four stages of importing device sales, importing chip packages, importing epitaxial wafers, and packaging their own epitaxial wafers, chips and devices. The reason why China's LED industry has achieved such great achievements is also multi-faceted: First, the application of optoelectronic products is expanding, the supply and demand contradictions appear in the market, the industry scale is insufficient, the supply is insufficient, and it is urgent to expand the production capacity of enterprises and develop the industrial economy. Second, reform and opening up have brought about development opportunities. China's Taiwan LED industry has developed rapidly, exporting a large number of chips to the mainland, and the LED packaging technology is becoming more mature. New companies are involved in the mainland packaging industry, forming an overall industrial economic expansion. Third, the government has stepped up efforts to support industrial development. Changchun Semiconductor Factory, State-owned 746 Factory and Suzhou Semiconductor General Factory successively carried out technological transformation and combined with the research results of the institutions, and achieved good results. Fourth, the rapid growth of the market makes it difficult to meet the demand by only the technological transformation of the mainland. Therefore, a large number of chips are imported from Taiwan and Japan, which promotes the development of the LED packaging industry. Fifth, the industry generally reached a consensus that the development of China's optoelectronic industry needs to implement three combinations: the combination of investors and enterprises, the combination of research results and enterprises, and the combination of technology and resources across the Taiwan Strait. Sixth, LED technology has developed rapidly in the world, and the introduction of quaternary systems, gallium nitride and white LEDs has promoted the development of the LED industry. At the same time, LEDs were included in the 863 program, which enabled the LED industry to flourish.
After more than 30 years of development, China's LED industry has initially realized the independent production of epitaxial wafers and chips, forming a relatively complete industrial chain. The main research and development units include Peking University, Tsinghua University, Institute of Semiconductors of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang University, 13th Research Institute of China Power Group, Institute of Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Normal University, Xiamen University, Shandong University, Nanjing University, etc. There are Xiamen Sanan, Dalian Lumei, Shanghai Blu-ray, Shanghai Lanbao, Shandong Huaguang, Shenzhen Fangda, Hangzhou Silan Mingxin, Jiangxi Lianchuang, Nanchang Xinlei, Shanghai Dachen, etc.; packaging and application manufacturers mainly Xiamen Hualian, Foshan Guoxing, Ningbo Shengpu, Jiangsu Wenrun, Guangzhou Hongli, Tianjin Tianxing, Hebei Xingu, Shanghai Sansi, Beijing Liad, Shenzhen Guoye Xingguang, etc.
At present, the number of people engaged in the LED industry is more than 300,000, and there are more than 2,000 enterprises, including more than 40 extension and chip manufacturers, more than 600 packaging companies, and more than 1,000 LED application products and supporting enterprises. In 2007, China's LED output was 46 billion, and the output of chips was 36 billion, of which 21 billion were high-brightness chips, and the output value of devices and modules reached 22 billion yuan.
Increased luminous efficiency drives LED application development
Today's semiconductor lighting has undoubtedly become an important application area for LEDs in the 21st century. Semiconductor lighting engineering has provided unprecedented opportunities and tremendous support for the development of China's LED industry. The country has included LED lighting in key development projects in the 11th Five-Year Plan, which will also promote the development of China's LED industry. With the continuous expansion of the LED application field, the industry as a whole will continue to grow, and the future of the LED industry will remain the focus of the industry.
The semiconductor lighting industry is growing rapidly. In 2008, the global light-emitting diode (LED) market reached $10 billion. Faced with the huge business opportunities of semiconductor lighting and encouraging development prospects, China has become the fastest growing region in the global semiconductor lighting industry. At the same time, China is the world's largest traditional lighting production, consumption and exporting country. The development of semiconductor lighting has created an excellent opportunity for industrial upgrading in China's traditional lighting industry. In particular, major events such as the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai, and the Asian Games in Guangzhou will also greatly promote the development of the domestic LED industry. It is estimated that the output value of LED and related application products in China will reach 100 billion yuan in 2010.
In 2008, the global LED market capacity will be about 5 billion US dollars. By 2013, the global LED market capacity will reach about 17.9 billion US dollars, with a compound annual growth rate of 24%. From the application field, the annual compound growth rate of the lighting field is 40.3%, the car is 6.9%, the LCD backlight (large size) is 117.4%, and the display product is 2.2%. It can be seen that the fastest growing is the lighting product in addition to the large size backlight. In 2004, landscape lighting and general lighting accounted for 5% of the total LED application. By 2008, this proportion had risen to 15%.
The field of LED lighting applications is expanding. In 2002, LED white light has a luminous efficiency of 25 lm/W, which is generally used in automobile dashboards. In 2004, the light efficiency was 40lm/W, and the application was extended to mobile phone backlights and flashlights. By 2006, LED white light luminous efficiency reached 60 lm / W, when the automotive interior (top lighting) lighting, outdoor landscape lighting applications appeared. By 2008, LED light efficiency reached 80lm/W, and applications such as automotive headlights, semiconductor lighting, and large-size LCD backlights have gradually emerged. By 2010, LED luminous efficiency will reach 100lm / W, will gradually enter the era of semiconductor lighting, outdoor lighting, indoor lighting, environmental lighting, special lighting and other applications will gradually emerge. The improvement of luminous efficiency has led to the development of LED applications.
As countries pay more and more attention to environmental issues, LED lighting is also receiving more and more attention. Let's take a look at national environmental policies and green lighting plans. China has semiconductor lighting projects; the United States has next-generation lighting plans to increase LED light efficiency to 200 lm/W by 2020; Europe's green lighting plan is called Rainbow Plan; South Korea The plan is called the GaN semiconductor development program. From the development goals of LED lighting technology, there are two important points in time, one is 2012 and the other is 2020. In 2012, the LED light efficiency will reach 150lm/W, and the life expectancy will increase from 20,000 hours to 100,000 hours, which can replace fluorescent lamps. By 2020, the luminous efficiency will reach 200lm/W, which can replace all current lighting products.
China is a big country in the application of LED, so the development of industry based on independent innovation is the key to promoting the development of semiconductor lighting in China. In the next few years, with the gradual expansion of LED application fields, China should simultaneously strengthen technology research and development. From epitaxy to chip to packaging and application, it should be localized, breaking the blockade of international patents, and the products not only meet the needs of the domestic market. Even exported to the international market.
After more than 30 years of development, China's LED industry has experienced the road of buying devices, buying chips, and buying epitaxial films. It has initially realized the independent production of epitaxial wafers and chips, forming a relatively complete industrial chain.
Shen Guangdi's resume:
Born in 1939, Changsha, Hunan. He graduated from Peking University with a master's degree in semiconductor physics. He obtained a master's degree from the Institute of Semiconductors of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He studied at the University of Linköping in Sweden from 1985 to 1992 and was awarded a doctoral degree by the Royal Swedish Institute of Physics.
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